Tidal energy is a renewable power source that captures the predictable movements of ocean tides to generate electricity. By using underwater turbines, tidal barrages, or other marine structures, the kinetic and potential energy from tidal flows is converted into electrical power. Unlike wind or solar, tidal energy is highly predictable, as it depends on gravitational forces from the moon and sun, rather than weather. While it offers reliable generation with no fuel costs and minimal emissions, development is limited to coastal regions with strong tidal ranges or currents, and projects must address environmental and navigational concerns.
- Energy diversification – Governments support tidal energy to balance national renewable portfolios and reduce reliance on imports.
- Maritime jurisdiction – Deployment depends on exclusive economic zone (EEZ) policies and maritime spatial planning.
- Subsidies and grants – Early-stage funding and demonstration project incentives are key for commercial viability.
- Cross-border cooperation – International collaboration may be needed for transboundary waters and technology sharing.
- High capital intensity – Marine construction, underwater cabling, and specialized turbines drive high initial costs.
- Long lifespan potential – Structures can operate for decades with proper maintenance, offering long-term cost stability.
- Operation & maintenance challenges – Marine environments are harsh, increasing repair costs and downtime risk.
- Tourism and fishing impacts – Projects must consider potential disruption to local economic activities.
- Local employment – Skilled jobs in marine engineering, vessel operations, and maintenance.
- Public perception – Often positive due to low visual impact compared to wind farms, but can be contentious if fisheries are affected.
- Coastal community benefits – Can provide clean, local power to remote coastal areas.
- Stakeholder engagement – Early consultation with fishers, shipping operators, and residents is vital.
- Turbine design innovation – Development of corrosion-resistant, low-maintenance, high-efficiency marine turbines.
- Grid integration – Managing variable tidal flows with energy storage and smart grid systems.
- Hydrodynamic modelling – Essential for optimal site placement and minimizing ecological disturbance.
- Installation methods – Advances in modular construction and robotic maintenance reduce costs and downtime.
- Marine licensing – Strict permitting for in-water structures, considering navigation, safety, and environmental impact.
- Environmental law compliance – Must meet national and international marine protection standards.
- Property rights – Clarification of seabed usage rights and ownership.
- International maritime law – Projects in shared waters must comply with UNCLOS and related frameworks.
- Minimal emissions – Generates electricity without greenhouse gases during operation.
- Marine ecosystem impact – Potential effects on fish migration, sediment transport, and tidal habitats.
- Noise and vibration – Can affect marine mammals and other wildlife.
- Hydrodynamic changes – Alteration of tidal flow patterns requires careful modelling to avoid erosion or habitat loss.
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